The Unbearable Unawareness of our Ecological Existential Crisis

Over the past two years, the full report on Climate Change Mitigation by IPCC scientists, as well as research from other centres such as the Stockholm Resilience Centre, has consistently confirmed that we are on a doomsday trajectory. Unless we move rapidly in the opposite direction, the chances that we will face planetary catastrophes that seriously threaten the existence of life on our planet in the next twenty years are realistic and probable. Unsustainable capitalism keeps us deluded and largely unaware that we are on the brink of a serious existential risk. Therefore the great challenge is to provoke the awareness and critical thinking of ordinary citizens. Only a Citixens Revolution can stop our demise, but capitalism’s behemoth keeps people deceitful and mostly unaware of being on the verge of a catastrophic end. We must arouse Now! –– Álvaro J. de Regil

Transitioning to Geocratia — the People and Planet and Not the Market Paradigm — First Steps

Parting from the fact that saving Planet Earth, our home, changes everything, we need to build a new ethos where the majority of humankind commits to a system whose only purpose is the pursuit of the welfare of people and Planet Earth. This requires that all Earth resources necessary for the enjoyment of life of all living things be managed to achieve true long-term sustainability. — Álvaro J. de Regil

The Spectre of ‘Knowledge as Commons’

Universalising knowledge, producing ‘knowledge as a common good’ is necessary to bridge gaps, build bridges and return power to the ‘people’ in a universal sense. –– Sam Popowich

The Case for Socialist Veganism

Corporate veganism: a corporate greenwashed market expansion tactic that exacerbates animal suffering, human exploitation and ecological destruction inside and outside the food system. –– Benjamin Selwyn and Charis Davis

The Most Dangerous Climate Catastrophe Delusions

Every year we break emissions and temperature records and are hit by increasingly extreme events. Changing our trajectory of death requires refuting the myths that misinform the public. –– Ornela De Gasperin Quintero

Controversial Demographic Projections Under Climate Collapse in 2050 - South and Mesoamerica in a Global Context

The corporate sector is building another aggressive re-engineering of global agrifood systems in South America and Mesoamerica. The region represents a pillar for global food security, warns the UN in the New Mission. Capitalist euphoria assumes 10 billion inhabitants by 2050. This is forging higher agricultural productivity, innovation, digitalisation and the expansion of standardised agriculture. Thus, they produce and market food destined for populations with some or enough consumption capacity, overconsumption and waste of food with equivalent carbon footprints. –– Nubia Barrera Silva

The irrelevance of animals

So-called "laboratory meat" is simultaneously generating great expectations and concerns. The huge investment and research efforts of economically powerful private initiatives have uncovered an important economic niche waiting to be exploited. The promoters of the market for laboratory meat or meat derived from vegetable products have seen in their ethical and ecological foundations the great lever that will mobilise consumers on a massive scale towards their products. The growth in supply and speculation around these products responds, among other factors, to two very different pressures: on the one hand, the climatic behaviour of meat production. On the other hand, the growing pressure from animal and vegan groups on the living and dying conditions of the animals that are raised for their consumption. –– Pedro M. Herrera

Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries

Humanity is well into the Anthropocene, the proposed new geological epoch where human pressures have put the Earth system on a trajectory moving rapidly away from the stable Holocene state of the past 12,000 years, which is the only state of the Earth system we have evidence of being able to support the world as we know it. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just Earth System Boundaries (ESB) and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future. — Johan Rockström et al

Making Sense of the World: Why Education Is Key to Change

A precondition to creating a different world is the capacity to imagine it. But many education systems continue to bear the imprint of the industrial, nation-state societies they emerged from. What would be required to empower people to first envision and then build a more sustainable and just society? A conversation with economist Maja Göpel on how education could spark the shift. –– Maja Göpel

Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle

The exponential increase in the use of plastic in modern society and the inadequate management of the resulting waste have led to its accumulation in the marine environment. There is increasing evidence of numerous mechanisms by which marine plastic pollution is causing effects across successive levels of biological organisation. This will unavoidably impact ecological communities and ecosystem functions. –– Patricia Villarrubia-Gómez, Sarah E. Cornell, Joan Fabres

The pressing priority of saving the Amazonia

The world's most biodiverse region is threatened by deforestation levels close to the point of no return. Despite this, the countries involved failed to reach agreements at the last summit in Brazil in August. –– David Roca Basadre

Capitalism and Extreme Poverty: A Global Analysis of Real Wages, Human Height, Mortality Since the Long 16th Century

This paper assesses claims that, prior to the 19th century, around 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty (defined as the inability to access essential goods), and that global human welfare only began to improve with the rise of capitalism. The rise of capitalism caused a dramatic deterioration of human welfare. In all regions studied here, incorporation into the capitalist world-system was associated with a decline in wages to below subsistence, a deterioration in human stature, and an upturn in premature mortality. –– Dylan Sullivan and Jason Hickel

The U.S. Quest for Nuclear Primacy: The Counterforce Doctrine and the Ideology of Moral Asymmetry

When I come to study in detail some of the arguments of these new military writers about nuclear war, I will necessarily have to adopt many aspects of their own methods and terminology, that is, I will have to meet them on the methodological ground of their own choosing. I want therefore to apologise in advance for the nauseating inhumanity of much of what I have to say. (P. M. S. Blackett) — John Bellamy Foster

The New Cold War Washington

O n April 27, 2023, U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan gave a speech on “Renewing American Economic Leadership” at the Brookings Institution. Sullivan’s talk was unusual and attracted widespread attention for at least three reasons. First, what was being announced was a fundamental shift away from the previous “Washington Consensus” associated with neoliberal globalisation and its replacement by what Sullivan called a “New Washington Consensus” organised around the de facto U.S. New Cold War against China. The purported China threat was used to justify economic sanctions against rival states, and government supply-side subsidies to corporations in a militarised industrial policy. –– The Editors of Monthly Review

No sustainable paradigm is attainable without gradual population reduction

We must drastically reduce our consumption of energy and all other resources simply because we cannot have a system that requires infinite resource consumption on a planet with finite resources. However efficient and fair the new paradigm may be, the notion of unlimited billions of people frugally consuming the earth's resources is not sustainable. So people must become conscientious that having fewer or no children is a crucial element in achieving sustainability. –– Álvaro J. de Regil

On the United States Policy to destroy the WTO because it could no longer control it

The rapid decline of US power in the 21st century, associated both with the economic stagnation of the core capitalist countries and the rise of China and other emerging economies, is now calling into question the entire rules-based, US-dominated international order. At the heart of the New Cold War is the WTO, often considered the jewel in the crown of the liberal international –– The Editors of Monthly Review

The Dialectics of Ecology: An Introduction

As the ecologist and Marxist theorist Richard Levins observed, ‘perhaps the first investigation of a complex object as a system was Karl Marx's masterpiece, Das Kapital’, which explored both the economic and ecological bases of capitalism as a social-metabolic system. The premise of the dialectics of ecology, as addressed in this article, is that it is above all in classical historical materialist/dialectical naturalism that we find the method and analysis that allows us to connect ‘the history of labour and capitalism’ with that of ‘the Earth and the planet’, enabling us to investigate from a materialist point of view the Anthropocene crisis of our times. Today, the world faces two opposing trends: the acceleration of capital leading to total disaster, and the emerging struggle for planned degrowth and sustainable human development. –– John Bellamy Foster

Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future

Three questions call for urgent action 1) The planet of the future will be much more dangerous 2) What economic system can support it? 3) Scientists must speak frankly and accurately. We draw particular attention to the lack of appreciation of the enormous challenges of creating a sustainable future. The added stresses on human health, wealth and well-being will perversely diminish our political capacity to mitigate the erosion of the ecosystem services on which society depends. The science behind these problems is sound, but awareness is low. Without full appreciation and dissemination of the magnitude of the problems and the enormity of the solutions needed, society will fail to achieve even modest sustainability –– Corey J. A. Bradshaw et al

Two Scenarios for Sustainable Welfare: A Framework for an Eco-Social Contract

More nation states are now committing to zero net carbon by 2050 at the latest, which is encouraging, but none have faced up to the transformation of economies, societies and lives that this will entail. This article considers two scenarios for a fair transition to net zero, concentrating only on climate change, and discusses the implications for contemporary ‘welfare states’. The first is the Green New Deal framework coupled with a ‘social guarantee’. I argue that expanded public provision of essential goods and services would be a necessary component of this strategy. The second scenario goes further to counteract runaway private consumption by building a sufficiency economy with ceilings to income, wealth and consumption. This would require a further extension of state capacities and welfare state interventions. The article provides a framework for comparing and developing these two very different approaches. –– Ian Gough

The End of Seasons?

Extreme temperatures and events such as Hurricane Daniel tell us we are approaching a point of no return. There is a good chance that in 2023, we will exceed the 1.5°C limit [and we have exceeded it]. –– Juan Bordera and Antonio Turiel

Unequal Value Transfer from Mexico to the United States

Using a Marxist perspective and the concept of unequal exchange, the enormous drain of wealth that Mexico has experienced as a supplier of manufacturing to the US market is described here. The meagre wages of the working class in Mexico do not correspond to a productive backwardness, but to a vast creation of value that is systematically drained through the mechanisms of unequal exchange that occur in trade. ‘Underdeveloped countries are underdeveloped because they are overexploited, not because they are backward. Here is how they do it. –– Mateo Crossa Niell

Filoponìa, from Cuba to the world - without debt: equality and freedom

The earth needs a new Copernican revolution: it must stop revolving around accumulation and embark on a new orbit. The environmental and the social are under ferocious attack by anthropisation, led by financialisation, the current point of the relentless advance of accumulation. The environmental and the social thus show how close and exacerbated the collapse of our world is. In order to be defined as such and to be so in its essence, a new Copernican revolution necessarily entails the identification of a new gravitational centre; in Filoponia this is diffused capital. Thanks to this, Filoponía is an egalitarian society even without being a socialist economy, Filoponía is a society of entrepreneurship even without being a capitalist economy: Filoponía is the society of sustainable humanisation, environmentally and socially. –– Andrea Surbone - Filoponía

Ravaging Pan-Amazonia

Deforestation, socio-economic contradictions and eco-environmental conflicts of hegemonic capitalism with global impact. The Pan-Amazon region occupies 4.9% of the world's continental area. It has three shared characteristics: (a) Its boundaries extend to the borders of eight South-Central American countries.1 (b) It has been hijacked by hegemonic agri-food, mining and energy capitalism, transnational drug trafficking crime, chemical precursors, arms, munitions and explosives. (c) It triggers promiscuous relations with Colombian guerrillas, legal armies, paramilitaries, politicians, state agents and corrupt national elites. The corporate enclave subjects migrants, indigenous people and peasants previously expelled from rural territories and properties to the most humiliating slavery regime. Under the slogan ‘Anything goes’, we are ensuring our extermination. –– Nubia Barrera Silva

The United States of War

Between 1980 and 2020, two U.S. wars and sanctions in Iraq and the U.S. war in Afghanistan killed more than two million people. Washington’s proxy wars in Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Syria resulted in roughly nine million deaths. U.S. military interventions, support for client states and rebels, and related famines in Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, and Nigeria cost the lives of another five million people. The U.S. Empire’s role in the collapse of most socialist regimes [including the imposition of economic shock therapy] made it partly responsible for well over seven million deaths. “Imperialism,” Magdoff wrote in 1969, “necessarily involves militarism. Indeed, they are twins that have fed on each other in the past, as they do now.” To combat the spread of militarism and war throughout the globe today, it is necessary to confront the imperialist world system centred in Washington. –– The Editors of Monthly Review

Heroes, villains and opportunists

For the small countries, these meetings are the only voice they have to confront the big global powers face to face and have their opinions taken into account. Saudi Arabia used the unanimity needed at the summits as a weapon to prevent progress in the climate fight. The timid climate breakthroughs make clear how much remains to be done at all levels. Continuing to resist and to weave links in an increasingly hostile world is the way to fight for the planet we want –– Javier Andaluz Prieto

Sustainable deaths

Maritime transport is responsible for 14% of polluting gases. There is already talk of miracle proposals to make this sector sustainable. –– Gustavo Duch

Totality: Decades of Debate and the Return of Nature

On how Marxism is the only intellectual tradition on the scene capable of embracing in an integrated and grounded way the whole of what needs to be comprehended to understand and cope with our world. — Helena Sheehan

From Imperialism to Green Imperialism: Tools of World-Systems Analysis in the Face of the Great Ecosocial Crisis

Humanity is at the most challenging crossroads in its history. Anthropogenic productive activity, framed within the capitalist mode of production, has caused most planetary boundaries to be exceeded and others to be strained. At the same time, civilisation itself does not lose sight of an increasingly threatening war horizon, in which a nuclear outbreak cannot be entirely ruled out. And against this backdrop, a galloping decline of materials and energy sources is unfolding, putting pressure on every vector of the ecosocial machinery, to the point of casting a shadow over the future accessibility of our societies' livelihoods and their very survival as we know it. –– Alejandro Pedregal and Nemanja Lukić

World scientists’ warning: The behavioural crisis driving ecological overshoot

Anthropogenic ecological overshoot has previously been identified as a root cause of the myriad symptoms we observe today across the planet, from biodiversity loss and ocean acidification to the disturbing rise of new entities and climate change. We aim to highlight the critical disconnect of the current social chasm in communication between those in the know, such as scientists working within the limits of growth, and members of the citizenry, influenced largely by social scientists and industry, who must act. –– Joseph J. Merz et al.

Frederick Engels: The First Marxist?

While activists reflect on how much we can glean from the first volume of Karl Marx's Capital, just over 150 years after its publication, we should also reflect on how much we owe to Marx's comrade of forty years, Frederick Engels (1820-95). From Engels' respectful attention to Marx's discoveries, no less than from his own extensions of them in tune with new realities, we learn how best to interpret both the evidence and the concepts to guide the shift towards communist ideals that Engels had absorbed before he met Marx in 1844. Moreover, the roles Engels played as an organiser, economist and polemicist in the development of Western workers' movements illuminate how we can best honour his memory and his contributions to Capital. In the words of one biographer, Engels ‘wanted no other monument than the coming socialist revolution’. –– Bruce McFarlane

The Case for Universal Basic Services

This paper shifts the focus from transfers to public services. It mounts a case for Universal Basic Services (UBS): a proposal to safeguard and develop existing public services and to extend this model of provision into new areas. The first part argues that public services require a distinct conceptual justification and sets this out in terms of shared human needs and a foundational economy. The second part develops the normative arguments for UBS, in terms of efficiency, equality, solidarity and sustainability. The third part considers some of the issues to be faced in delivering UBS and the role of state institutions, with brief service provisions. The final section summarises some developments, including experience of Covid-19, which might enhance the political impetus for UBS. –– Ian Gough

Planned Degrowth: Ecosocialism and Sustainable Human Development

The word degrowth designates a family of political-economic approaches which, in the face of the acceleration of the current planetary ecological crisis, reject exponential and unlimited economic growth as the definition of human progress. With continuous technological development and the improvement of human capabilities, mere replacement investment is capable of promoting constant qualitative advances in production in mature industrial societies, while eliminating exploitative labour conditions and reducing working hours. Degrowth, which is specifically targeted at the most affluent sectors of the world's population, is thus aimed at improving the living conditions of the vast majority, while maintaining environmental conditions of existence and promoting sustainable human development. –– John Bellamy Foster

There will be no ecological transition without a social and labour transition

At present, hardly anyone doubts the need for an ecological transition. Environmental denialism, although it exists, seems to be in retreat in the face of overwhelming evidence of the negative effects of our way of life on nature. The energy model must be changed. But even more urgent is a transformation that addresses the limitation of wealth, consumption and the necessary sharing of labour. –– Vicente López

Reducing human numbers and the size of our economies is necessary to avoid a mass extinction and share Earth justly with other species

Conservation biologists agree that humanity is on the verge of causing a mass extinction and that its primary driver is our immense and rapidly expanding global economy. We are replacing Earth’s ten million wild species with more of ourselves, our domesticated species, our economic support systems, and our trash. In the process, we are creating a duller, tamer, and more dangerous world. The moral case for reducing excessive human impacts on the biosphere is strong on both anthropocentric and biocentric ethical grounds. The sine qua non for doing so is reducing human numbers and the size of our economies, while increasing the global acreage set aside in protected areas. We should take these steps as part of comprehensive efforts to create just and sustainable societies in which both humans and other species can flourish.

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Research and analysis to provoke public awareness and critical thinking

We contribute to the liberalisation of the democratic instituions of society, for they have been captured by the owners of the market. They work in tandem with their market agents, who, posing as public servants, are entrenched in the halls of government. The political class has betrayed its public mandate and instead operates to impose a marketocratic state to maximise the shareholder value of the institutional investors of international financial markets. They own the global corporations and think they own the world on behalf of their very private interest.

Our spheres of action: true democracy – true sustainability – living wage – basic income – inequality – ecological footprint – degrowth – global warming –human development – corporate accountability – civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental rights, responsible consumption, sustainable autonomous citizen cells...

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Parting from an ethos of true democracy and true sustainability, We, the citizenry, work to advance the paradigm whose only purpose is to go in pursuit of the welfare of People and Planet and NOT the market.

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Overpopulation and sustainability
Overpopulation and sustainability
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The New Cold War on China

On March 24, 2021, a high-profile article proclaiming “There Will Not Be a New Cold War” appeared in Foreign Affairs, the flagship publication of the Council on Foreign Relations, the principal think tank for U.S. grand strategy. The author, Thomas Christensen, a professor of international affairs at Columbia University and former deputy assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs in the George W. Bush administration, went so far as to acknowledge that “the [Donald] Trump administration basically declared a cold war on China.” Nevertheless, no New Cold War, Christensen optimistically indicated, would actually materialise, since Washington under Joe Biden would presumablyback away from Trump’s extreme policies toward China given its“vital position in the global value chain.” Beijing could not be seenas an aggressive power in ideological or geopolitical terms, but was simply interested in economic competition.

Yet, what Christensen’s analysis excluded was any mention of the imperialist world system, crowned by U.S. hegemony, which is now threatened by China’s seemingly inexorable rise and pursuit of its own distinctive sovereign project. In this respect, the Trump administration’s prosecution of a New Cold War on China was no anomaly, but rather the inevitable U.S. response to China’s rise and the end of Washington’s unipolar moment. Just as the United States declared the interest of maintaining that same imperial hegemony.

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The Early Socio-ecological Dimensions of Tricontinental (1967–1971): A Sovereign Social Metabolism for the Third World

This article delves into the socio-ecological dimensions of OSPAAAL, the Cuban Third World solidarity institution, focusing particularly on the early years of its official organ: the magazine Tricontinental (1967–1971). Tricontinental’s articles and graphic works, even if not always in an explicit manner, addressed environmental concerns in a revolutionary way, anticipating debates that would later unfold on international institutional platforms. These concerns were primarily discussed in the context of the Third World’s quest for autonomous production, closely intertwined with the agrarian question and sovereign industrialisation. Key aspects such as land access, distribution, and resource management were pivotal. The publication’s central emphasis on struggles for national liberation, especially within the guerrilla arena, played a crucial role in disseminating the anti-imperialist pursuit of a sovereign social metabolism across the Third World. Combining Cuban, Latin Americanist, and internationalist accents,

Tricontinental also condemned the ecological impact of transnational corporations’ predatory resource extraction in the Third World, while exploring alternative andcooperative models. This article unveils the latent socio-environmental dimensionsof its critique, illustrating how ecological concerns subtly underpinned its anti-imperialist and internationalist discourse.

 

 

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What do I feel in the face of the climate, economic and social crisis: terror, panic, loneliness…

Terror and panic

I watch the videos - the ones that arrive because the worst tragedies are not even covered by the press - of droughts, hurricanes, storms, floods, and famines. I consider it an obligation to see them. If I am not the victim, I must at least know and empathise with the suffering of others, as I have asked men to do and to try to understand patriarchy: 'even if you don't change it, try to feel what we feel, understand our rage'. Now it is my turn, from the privilege of the security I still have, to feel what the victims of the climate and economic impacts detonated by the capitalist system feel. I can't help but panic about what will probably happen to me and to my loved ones. Turning on the water tap, flushing the toilet, and knowing that I am on the side of privilege and that privilege is going to end if the trajectory continues on the course we are on now, accelerating towards the abyss. To be so certain of the catastrophic trajectory we are on, to have the solutions, and to fail to change course. I never had panic attacks until I understood the trajectory we are on...

 

 

 

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'The sea can be a subject of law because it is alive'

They were called ‘the five crazy women’, although there were eight women and three men. The latter were jurists.

These eight people understood, just like Vicente that an environment such as the Mar Menor, the largest saltwater lagoon in Europe, a natural treasure of the Region of Murcia ravaged for decades by financial interests and political neglect, ‘also has rights’. A (revolutionary) stance that has raised variable storms on different fronts, but which continues to win battles. The aforementioned madness was shared by more than 600,000 citizens who signed their names to make the Mar Menor the first natural environment with legal personality in Europe. A milestone that has attracted the attention of half the world, that has given ideas to inhabitants of places like Venice interested in new ways of preserving their home, and that led Teresa Vicente to receive, just a few months ago, the prestigious Goldman Prize, awarded by the eponymous American foundation and considered ‘the Nobel Prize for the environment’.

 

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Transitioning to Geocratia — the
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Taiwan: An Anti-Imperialist Perspective

In the Western imagination, Taiwan exists as little more than a staging ground for ideological war with the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—a crossroads of democracy versus authoritarianism, Western values versus Chinese backwardness, and free market capitalism versus closed-door communism. Yet for centuries, the island of Taiwan has played a rich and pivotal role in broader Chinese history. Located just one hundred miles from the mainland’s southeastern coast, Taiwan was linked to the mainland through migration, trade, language, and culture long before European and Japanese colonisers seized on its strategic location as a launchpad for economic and military forays against China at large. Today, this history continues as U.S. imperialism positions Taiwan as an ideological and military base for its new Cold War against China.

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‘Hate-fuelled nationalism is a partner of corporateneoliberalism’

Interview with Vandana Shiva - Ecofeminist Activist

 

Vandana Shiva (Dehradun, 1952) is one of our time's most recognised ecofeminist activists and intellectuals. A doctor in quantum physics, she was one of the founders of the World Social Forum, a pioneer in opening up the debate on agroecology and seed control, and the author of more than 15 books. Since 1987, she has been the head of the agroecological farm and seed bank Navdanya in northern India and helps to organise peasant struggles all over the world.

CTXT meets Shiva in the old industrial area of Fabra i Coats in Barcelona to engage in an intellectual conversation.

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China is overtaking the West in electric vehicles

The Western powers accuse the Asian giant of ‘overcapacity’ to blame it for its own industrial decline

In May 2024, the White House announced a series of new tariffs on Chinese products, including a 100 per cent tax on imports of Chinese electric vehicles (EVs), which will come into effect at the end of this year. The European Union followed closely behind. In July, the Commission announced 17,4 to 37,6 per cent tariffs for Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers. In August, Canada announced tariffs of 100 per cent on Chinese EVs and 25 per cent on Chinese steel and aluminium.

The White House insisted that the measures would 'protect US manufacturers from unfair Chinese trade practices' and ensure that 'the future of the car industry will be made in the United States by US workers'. The European Commission cited China's 'unfair subsidisation', and Canada warned of the threat of China's 'intentional state-directed overcapacity policy'. In this narrative, now choreographed and ritualised throughout the West, China's 'overcapacity' is to blame for the West's growing trade deficits and its persistent inability to reindustrialise.

If the tariffs imposed by the United States, the EU and Canada are an admission of their monopolists' inability to compete with China – and a guarantee that state power is available to protect capitalist interests against an emerging socialist superpower – they are also a warning. The West is willing to sabotage the Chinese economy and the global ecological transition rather than cooperate.

I wondered how the Chinese electric vehicle industry viewed the tariffs. 'We are not particularly worried about the tariffs,' Haidong said. 'If I am the only producer in the world, the tariffs mean that consumers in the United States will pay more.'

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Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change: Core Issues and Implications for Practical Implementations

According to current forecasts, global heating is likely to exceed 2.8 °C by the end of this century. This makes substantial adaptation measures necessary to secure a broad basis for livelihood provision and the conservation of biodiversity. While the implementation of top-down and technocratic adaptation efforts predominates, related adaptation shortcomings of a socio-economic and ecological nature are becoming more and more apparent. Community-based adaptation (CBA), with its participatory, inclusive and needs-based bottom-up approach, offers a promising and powerful alternative. This article uses a semi-systematic literature review approach to screen the current literature and identify core issues of CBA. Linking communality, locality, multidimensionality, power imbalances, transformative potential, localisation, the triad of adaptation metrics and nature-based adaptation to corresponding potential actions for practical implementations provides a more holistic conceptualisation and broadens the horizons for further learning, research and improved applications.

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