The Unbearable Unawareness of our Ecological Existential Crisis

Over the past two years, the full report on Climate Change Mitigation by IPCC scientists, as well as research from other centres such as the Stockholm Resilience Centre, has consistently confirmed that we are on a doomsday trajectory. Unless we move rapidly in the opposite direction, the chances that we will face planetary catastrophes that seriously threaten the existence of life on our planet in the next twenty years are realistic and probable. Unsustainable capitalism keeps us deluded and largely unaware that we are on the brink of a serious existential risk. Therefore the great challenge is to provoke the awareness and critical thinking of ordinary citizens. Only a Citixens Revolution can stop our demise, but capitalism’s behemoth keeps people deceitful and mostly unaware of being on the verge of a catastrophic end. We must arouse Now! –– Álvaro J. de Regil

Transitioning to Geocratia — the People and Planet and Not the Market Paradigm — First Steps

Parting from the fact that saving Planet Earth, our home, changes everything, we need to build a new ethos where the majority of humankind commits to a system whose only purpose is the pursuit of the welfare of people and Planet Earth. This requires that all Earth resources necessary for the enjoyment of life of all living things be managed to achieve true long-term sustainability. — Álvaro J. de Regil

The Spectre of ‘Knowledge as Commons’

Universalising knowledge, producing ‘knowledge as a common good’ is necessary to bridge gaps, build bridges and return power to the ‘people’ in a universal sense. –– Sam Popowich

The Case for Socialist Veganism

Corporate veganism: a corporate greenwashed market expansion tactic that exacerbates animal suffering, human exploitation and ecological destruction inside and outside the food system. –– Benjamin Selwyn and Charis Davis

The Most Dangerous Climate Catastrophe Delusions

Every year we break emissions and temperature records and are hit by increasingly extreme events. Changing our trajectory of death requires refuting the myths that misinform the public. –– Ornela De Gasperin Quintero

Controversial Demographic Projections Under Climate Collapse in 2050 - South and Mesoamerica in a Global Context

The corporate sector is building another aggressive re-engineering of global agrifood systems in South America and Mesoamerica. The region represents a pillar for global food security, warns the UN in the New Mission. Capitalist euphoria assumes 10 billion inhabitants by 2050. This is forging higher agricultural productivity, innovation, digitalisation and the expansion of standardised agriculture. Thus, they produce and market food destined for populations with some or enough consumption capacity, overconsumption and waste of food with equivalent carbon footprints. –– Nubia Barrera Silva

The irrelevance of animals

So-called "laboratory meat" is simultaneously generating great expectations and concerns. The huge investment and research efforts of economically powerful private initiatives have uncovered an important economic niche waiting to be exploited. The promoters of the market for laboratory meat or meat derived from vegetable products have seen in their ethical and ecological foundations the great lever that will mobilise consumers on a massive scale towards their products. The growth in supply and speculation around these products responds, among other factors, to two very different pressures: on the one hand, the climatic behaviour of meat production. On the other hand, the growing pressure from animal and vegan groups on the living and dying conditions of the animals that are raised for their consumption. –– Pedro M. Herrera

Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries

Humanity is well into the Anthropocene, the proposed new geological epoch where human pressures have put the Earth system on a trajectory moving rapidly away from the stable Holocene state of the past 12,000 years, which is the only state of the Earth system we have evidence of being able to support the world as we know it. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just Earth System Boundaries (ESB) and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future. — Johan Rockström et al

Making Sense of the World: Why Education Is Key to Change

A precondition to creating a different world is the capacity to imagine it. But many education systems continue to bear the imprint of the industrial, nation-state societies they emerged from. What would be required to empower people to first envision and then build a more sustainable and just society? A conversation with economist Maja Göpel on how education could spark the shift. –– Maja Göpel

Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle

The exponential increase in the use of plastic in modern society and the inadequate management of the resulting waste have led to its accumulation in the marine environment. There is increasing evidence of numerous mechanisms by which marine plastic pollution is causing effects across successive levels of biological organisation. This will unavoidably impact ecological communities and ecosystem functions. –– Patricia Villarrubia-Gómez, Sarah E. Cornell, Joan Fabres

The pressing priority of saving the Amazonia

The world's most biodiverse region is threatened by deforestation levels close to the point of no return. Despite this, the countries involved failed to reach agreements at the last summit in Brazil in August. –– David Roca Basadre

Capitalism and Extreme Poverty: A Global Analysis of Real Wages, Human Height, Mortality Since the Long 16th Century

This paper assesses claims that, prior to the 19th century, around 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty (defined as the inability to access essential goods), and that global human welfare only began to improve with the rise of capitalism. The rise of capitalism caused a dramatic deterioration of human welfare. In all regions studied here, incorporation into the capitalist world-system was associated with a decline in wages to below subsistence, a deterioration in human stature, and an upturn in premature mortality. –– Dylan Sullivan and Jason Hickel

The U.S. Quest for Nuclear Primacy: The Counterforce Doctrine and the Ideology of Moral Asymmetry

When I come to study in detail some of the arguments of these new military writers about nuclear war, I will necessarily have to adopt many aspects of their own methods and terminology, that is, I will have to meet them on the methodological ground of their own choosing. I want therefore to apologise in advance for the nauseating inhumanity of much of what I have to say. (P. M. S. Blackett) — John Bellamy Foster

The New Cold War Washington

O n April 27, 2023, U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan gave a speech on “Renewing American Economic Leadership” at the Brookings Institution. Sullivan’s talk was unusual and attracted widespread attention for at least three reasons. First, what was being announced was a fundamental shift away from the previous “Washington Consensus” associated with neoliberal globalisation and its replacement by what Sullivan called a “New Washington Consensus” organised around the de facto U.S. New Cold War against China. The purported China threat was used to justify economic sanctions against rival states, and government supply-side subsidies to corporations in a militarised industrial policy. –– The Editors of Monthly Review

No sustainable paradigm is attainable without gradual population reduction

We must drastically reduce our consumption of energy and all other resources simply because we cannot have a system that requires infinite resource consumption on a planet with finite resources. However efficient and fair the new paradigm may be, the notion of unlimited billions of people frugally consuming the earth's resources is not sustainable. So people must become conscientious that having fewer or no children is a crucial element in achieving sustainability. –– Álvaro J. de Regil

On the United States Policy to destroy the WTO because it could no longer control it

The rapid decline of US power in the 21st century, associated both with the economic stagnation of the core capitalist countries and the rise of China and other emerging economies, is now calling into question the entire rules-based, US-dominated international order. At the heart of the New Cold War is the WTO, often considered the jewel in the crown of the liberal international –– The Editors of Monthly Review

The Dialectics of Ecology: An Introduction

As the ecologist and Marxist theorist Richard Levins observed, ‘perhaps the first investigation of a complex object as a system was Karl Marx's masterpiece, Das Kapital’, which explored both the economic and ecological bases of capitalism as a social-metabolic system. The premise of the dialectics of ecology, as addressed in this article, is that it is above all in classical historical materialist/dialectical naturalism that we find the method and analysis that allows us to connect ‘the history of labour and capitalism’ with that of ‘the Earth and the planet’, enabling us to investigate from a materialist point of view the Anthropocene crisis of our times. Today, the world faces two opposing trends: the acceleration of capital leading to total disaster, and the emerging struggle for planned degrowth and sustainable human development. –– John Bellamy Foster

Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future

Three questions call for urgent action 1) The planet of the future will be much more dangerous 2) What economic system can support it? 3) Scientists must speak frankly and accurately. We draw particular attention to the lack of appreciation of the enormous challenges of creating a sustainable future. The added stresses on human health, wealth and well-being will perversely diminish our political capacity to mitigate the erosion of the ecosystem services on which society depends. The science behind these problems is sound, but awareness is low. Without full appreciation and dissemination of the magnitude of the problems and the enormity of the solutions needed, society will fail to achieve even modest sustainability –– Corey J. A. Bradshaw et al

Two Scenarios for Sustainable Welfare: A Framework for an Eco-Social Contract

More nation states are now committing to zero net carbon by 2050 at the latest, which is encouraging, but none have faced up to the transformation of economies, societies and lives that this will entail. This article considers two scenarios for a fair transition to net zero, concentrating only on climate change, and discusses the implications for contemporary ‘welfare states’. The first is the Green New Deal framework coupled with a ‘social guarantee’. I argue that expanded public provision of essential goods and services would be a necessary component of this strategy. The second scenario goes further to counteract runaway private consumption by building a sufficiency economy with ceilings to income, wealth and consumption. This would require a further extension of state capacities and welfare state interventions. The article provides a framework for comparing and developing these two very different approaches. –– Ian Gough

The End of Seasons?

Extreme temperatures and events such as Hurricane Daniel tell us we are approaching a point of no return. There is a good chance that in 2023, we will exceed the 1.5°C limit [and we have exceeded it]. –– Juan Bordera and Antonio Turiel

Unequal Value Transfer from Mexico to the United States

Using a Marxist perspective and the concept of unequal exchange, the enormous drain of wealth that Mexico has experienced as a supplier of manufacturing to the US market is described here. The meagre wages of the working class in Mexico do not correspond to a productive backwardness, but to a vast creation of value that is systematically drained through the mechanisms of unequal exchange that occur in trade. ‘Underdeveloped countries are underdeveloped because they are overexploited, not because they are backward. Here is how they do it. –– Mateo Crossa Niell

Filoponìa, from Cuba to the world - without debt: equality and freedom

The earth needs a new Copernican revolution: it must stop revolving around accumulation and embark on a new orbit. The environmental and the social are under ferocious attack by anthropisation, led by financialisation, the current point of the relentless advance of accumulation. The environmental and the social thus show how close and exacerbated the collapse of our world is. In order to be defined as such and to be so in its essence, a new Copernican revolution necessarily entails the identification of a new gravitational centre; in Filoponia this is diffused capital. Thanks to this, Filoponía is an egalitarian society even without being a socialist economy, Filoponía is a society of entrepreneurship even without being a capitalist economy: Filoponía is the society of sustainable humanisation, environmentally and socially. –– Andrea Surbone - Filoponía

Ravaging Pan-Amazonia

Deforestation, socio-economic contradictions and eco-environmental conflicts of hegemonic capitalism with global impact. The Pan-Amazon region occupies 4.9% of the world's continental area. It has three shared characteristics: (a) Its boundaries extend to the borders of eight South-Central American countries.1 (b) It has been hijacked by hegemonic agri-food, mining and energy capitalism, transnational drug trafficking crime, chemical precursors, arms, munitions and explosives. (c) It triggers promiscuous relations with Colombian guerrillas, legal armies, paramilitaries, politicians, state agents and corrupt national elites. The corporate enclave subjects migrants, indigenous people and peasants previously expelled from rural territories and properties to the most humiliating slavery regime. Under the slogan ‘Anything goes’, we are ensuring our extermination. –– Nubia Barrera Silva

The United States of War

Between 1980 and 2020, two U.S. wars and sanctions in Iraq and the U.S. war in Afghanistan killed more than two million people. Washington’s proxy wars in Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Syria resulted in roughly nine million deaths. U.S. military interventions, support for client states and rebels, and related famines in Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, and Nigeria cost the lives of another five million people. The U.S. Empire’s role in the collapse of most socialist regimes [including the imposition of economic shock therapy] made it partly responsible for well over seven million deaths. “Imperialism,” Magdoff wrote in 1969, “necessarily involves militarism. Indeed, they are twins that have fed on each other in the past, as they do now.” To combat the spread of militarism and war throughout the globe today, it is necessary to confront the imperialist world system centred in Washington. –– The Editors of Monthly Review

Heroes, villains and opportunists

For the small countries, these meetings are the only voice they have to confront the big global powers face to face and have their opinions taken into account. Saudi Arabia used the unanimity needed at the summits as a weapon to prevent progress in the climate fight. The timid climate breakthroughs make clear how much remains to be done at all levels. Continuing to resist and to weave links in an increasingly hostile world is the way to fight for the planet we want –– Javier Andaluz Prieto

Sustainable deaths

Maritime transport is responsible for 14% of polluting gases. There is already talk of miracle proposals to make this sector sustainable. –– Gustavo Duch

Totality: Decades of Debate and the Return of Nature

On how Marxism is the only intellectual tradition on the scene capable of embracing in an integrated and grounded way the whole of what needs to be comprehended to understand and cope with our world. — Helena Sheehan

From Imperialism to Green Imperialism: Tools of World-Systems Analysis in the Face of the Great Ecosocial Crisis

Humanity is at the most challenging crossroads in its history. Anthropogenic productive activity, framed within the capitalist mode of production, has caused most planetary boundaries to be exceeded and others to be strained. At the same time, civilisation itself does not lose sight of an increasingly threatening war horizon, in which a nuclear outbreak cannot be entirely ruled out. And against this backdrop, a galloping decline of materials and energy sources is unfolding, putting pressure on every vector of the ecosocial machinery, to the point of casting a shadow over the future accessibility of our societies' livelihoods and their very survival as we know it. –– Alejandro Pedregal and Nemanja Lukić

World scientists’ warning: The behavioural crisis driving ecological overshoot

Anthropogenic ecological overshoot has previously been identified as a root cause of the myriad symptoms we observe today across the planet, from biodiversity loss and ocean acidification to the disturbing rise of new entities and climate change. We aim to highlight the critical disconnect of the current social chasm in communication between those in the know, such as scientists working within the limits of growth, and members of the citizenry, influenced largely by social scientists and industry, who must act. –– Joseph J. Merz et al.

Frederick Engels: The First Marxist?

While activists reflect on how much we can glean from the first volume of Karl Marx's Capital, just over 150 years after its publication, we should also reflect on how much we owe to Marx's comrade of forty years, Frederick Engels (1820-95). From Engels' respectful attention to Marx's discoveries, no less than from his own extensions of them in tune with new realities, we learn how best to interpret both the evidence and the concepts to guide the shift towards communist ideals that Engels had absorbed before he met Marx in 1844. Moreover, the roles Engels played as an organiser, economist and polemicist in the development of Western workers' movements illuminate how we can best honour his memory and his contributions to Capital. In the words of one biographer, Engels ‘wanted no other monument than the coming socialist revolution’. –– Bruce McFarlane

The Case for Universal Basic Services

This paper shifts the focus from transfers to public services. It mounts a case for Universal Basic Services (UBS): a proposal to safeguard and develop existing public services and to extend this model of provision into new areas. The first part argues that public services require a distinct conceptual justification and sets this out in terms of shared human needs and a foundational economy. The second part develops the normative arguments for UBS, in terms of efficiency, equality, solidarity and sustainability. The third part considers some of the issues to be faced in delivering UBS and the role of state institutions, with brief service provisions. The final section summarises some developments, including experience of Covid-19, which might enhance the political impetus for UBS. –– Ian Gough

Planned Degrowth: Ecosocialism and Sustainable Human Development

The word degrowth designates a family of political-economic approaches which, in the face of the acceleration of the current planetary ecological crisis, reject exponential and unlimited economic growth as the definition of human progress. With continuous technological development and the improvement of human capabilities, mere replacement investment is capable of promoting constant qualitative advances in production in mature industrial societies, while eliminating exploitative labour conditions and reducing working hours. Degrowth, which is specifically targeted at the most affluent sectors of the world's population, is thus aimed at improving the living conditions of the vast majority, while maintaining environmental conditions of existence and promoting sustainable human development. –– John Bellamy Foster

There will be no ecological transition without a social and labour transition

At present, hardly anyone doubts the need for an ecological transition. Environmental denialism, although it exists, seems to be in retreat in the face of overwhelming evidence of the negative effects of our way of life on nature. The energy model must be changed. But even more urgent is a transformation that addresses the limitation of wealth, consumption and the necessary sharing of labour. –– Vicente López

The Most Dangerous Climate Catastrophe Delusions

Human activities have unequivocally overheated our planet (Lee et al., 2023). According to the sixth and latest report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), without radical changes, the current global trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions will lead to an average global temperature increase of 3.2°C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the 21st century (Lee et al., 2023). If this occurs, the lives of almost half of the human population would be threatened (Lee et al., 2023), as large areas of the planet would become uninhabitable. Even though we have had a solid scientific consensus for decades on the causes and consequences of the climate crisis, the increase in emissions has not been slowed, and in fact they are now 60% higher than in the 1990s (Stoddard et al., 2021). Every year, emissions and temperature records are broken, and increasingly extreme weather events hit us. In order to change the trajectory we are on, it is necessary to debunk several myths that proliferate, which are listed below (IPCC, 2022).

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Research and analysis to provoke public awareness and critical thinking

We contribute to the liberalisation of the democratic instituions of society, for they have been captured by the owners of the market. They work in tandem with their market agents, who, posing as public servants, are entrenched in the halls of government. The political class has betrayed its public mandate and instead operates to impose a marketocratic state to maximise the shareholder value of the institutional investors of international financial markets. They own the global corporations and think they own the world on behalf of their very private interest.

Our spheres of action: true democracy – true sustainability – living wage – basic income – inequality – ecological footprint – degrowth – global warming –human development – corporate accountability – civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental rights, responsible consumption, sustainable autonomous citizen cells...

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Parting from an ethos of true democracy and true sustainability, We, the citizenry, work to advance the paradigm whose only purpose is to go in pursuit of the welfare of People and Planet and NOT the market.

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Just population policies for an overpopulated world

After three decades of neglect, environmentalists are waking back up to the need to limit human numbers. But like Rip Van Winkle, we find that the world changed while we were asleep. There are now billions more people, hundreds of millions of new members in the global middle class, and elevated consumption among the wealthy. Meanwhile the planet has grown warmer, more polluted, tamer and more depauperate. This article specifies what just population policies look like for an overpopulated world: one where most national populations must decrease significantly to create sustainable societies, and where failure to do so threatens environmental disaster for humans and the rest of life on Earth. It argues that governments in both underdeveloped and overdeveloped countries should encourage and enable one-child families and discourage larger ones, striking a proper balance between reproductive rights and reproductive responsibilities.

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Marx and Prometheanism

The term Promethean, referring in this context to extreme productivism, first entered into the ecological debate as a censure aimed almost entirely at Karl Marx. It was adopted as a form of condemnation by first-stage ecosocialists in the 1980s and ’90s, who sought to graft standard liberal Green theory onto Marxism, while jettisoning what were then widely presumed to be Marx’s anti-ecological views. However, the Promethean myth with respect to Marx was to be subjected to a sustained attack, commencing twenty-five years ago, in the work of second-stage ecosocialists, represented by Paul Burkett’s Marx and Nature (Haymarket, 1999) and John Bellamy Foster’s “Marx’s Theory of Metabolic Rift” (American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 2 [September 1999])—followed soon after by Foster’s Marx’s Ecology (Monthly Review Press, 2000). Here it was understood that the outlook of classical historical materialism was not that of the promotion of production for its own sake—much less accumulation for its own sake—but rather the creation of a society of sustainable human development controlled by the associated producers. The key analytical basis of this recovery of the classical historical-materialist ecological critique was Marx’s theory of metabolic rift

 

 

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Advancing the Welfare of People and the Planet with a Common Agenda for Reproductive Justice, Population, and the Environment

Driven by increasing consumption and population numbers, human demands are depleting natural resources essential to support human life, causing damage to crop lands, fresh water supplies, fisheries, and forests, and driving climate change. Within this century, world population could increase by as little as 15% or by more than 50%, depending largely on how we respond. We must face the challenge of accommodating these additional people at the same time as virtually eliminating the use of fossil fuels and other activities that generate greenhouse gases, reversing environmental degradation and supporting improved living standards for billions of impoverished people. The response to this challenge is handicapped by a lack of common understanding and an integrated agenda among those contributing to the response. This report offers a strategy to protect natural systems and improve welfare through expansion of reproductive justice, a concept that includes family planning, reproductive health, and gender equity, and preservation of the environment and climate.

 

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The Council on Foreign Relations, the Israel Lobby, and the War on Gaza


For many decades, there has been a continuing dialogue about U.S. military, financial, and diplomatic support for Zionist Israel. However, even in the progressive and left media there has been a lack of discussion of the lesser known political and economic forces that have enabled this support. One key, but often ignored, source has been the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), the think tank of monopoly-finance capital, also known as Wall Street’s think tank.

The CFR is the world’s most powerful private organisation. It is the ultimate networking, socialising, strategic planning, consensus-forming, and foreign policy lobbying institution of the dominant sector of the U.S. capitalist class. As a think tank and policy center, it is the most important U.S. locus of the deep state exerting influence behind the scenes. In the United States, it mainly focuses on directing the federal government, but has power in many areas of life in the United States, such as elite universities, finance capitalist firms, other think tanks, nonprofits, Congress, top corporations, and the mainstream media. While some of its activities are semisecret, for members only, much of what it does can be revealed by perusing its website; reading its journal, Foreign Affairs; examining its annual reports; and following the activities of its members and leaders.

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 Transitioning to Geocratia — the
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Jujuy burns: postcards of a rebellion against lithium plundering

Dozens of pickets block the roads in Jujuy, northern Argentina. The protest brings together communities in defence of their territories, the teachers' struggle for wages and the rage of young people against government repression.

 

If Josep Borrell recently said that Europe was a ‘garden’ and the rest of the world a ‘jungle’, Ursula Von Der Leyen, in the same spirit of conquest, considers the ‘lithium triangle’ (northern Chile, Bolivia and Argentina) as a strategic area for the imperial coffers. On her recent tour of Latin America, the EU representative focused on the new ‘white gold’, as lithium is known. It is an essential mineral for producing electric batteries, such as those used in mobile phones and electric cars. Behind the European ‘green transition’ lies a brutal plunder, the destruction of the natural commons and the plundering of entire peoples. However,against all resignation, the last word has not beenspoken because there is resistance and rebellion in the streets. 

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Provoking Awareness and Action for Geocratia

Activating revolutionary movements for new ecosocial contracts for Geocratia, a vision for building the People and Planet and not the market paradigm

Contrary to the dominant narrative, we do not live in democratic but in utterly unsustainable marketocratic societies. Governments are merely agents implementing and protecting societal structures, providing the best conditions for maximising capital accumulation demanded by financial markets. This requires the unrelenting production and consumption of resources, stark labour exploitation, and sheer wealth inequality, with growth deemed the overriding indicator of progress. Such narrative addresses the ecological crisis through “green capitalism”, which deliberately makes people believe we only need to transition from fossil to renewable energy without altering the structures of capitalism and our consumeristic lifestyles. This way, unrelenting economic growth and its inherent consumerism remain the indicators of progress. This has caused a planetary rift, taking us into an unsustainable trajectory where the odds we will face planetary catastrophes and putting the existence of life at monumental risk in the next twenty years are likely unless we veer fast against it. I argue we can only achieve enjoyable and sustainable lives by drastically decreasing our ecological footprint. This requires replacing capitalism with the new paradigm of Geocratia or “government by the Earth”, where we reorganise societies to build a new ecocentric edifice centred on caring for our planet. To accomplish this, we must build a revolutionary movement from the base to circumvent the traditional political structures of party systems and legislative bodies to strike on the system to force governments to pact new geocratic ecosocial contracts. Here, I describe how it can be done.

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Earth system boundaries and Earth system justice: sharing the ecospace

The literature on planetary and Earth system boundaries calls on humans to live within those boundaries. Sharing such limited ecospace raises questions of justice. Global environmental assessments and scholarship are increasingly paying attention to justice issues, yet inadequately define how to share the limited ecospace. Against this background we ask: how can global environmental assessments’ concerns for justice be enhanced through an Earth system justice framework that guides how the global community could share limited ecospace? Based on an analysis of how justice concerns are addressed in the Assessment of Assessments and global environmental change projects, we build an Earth system justice framework that discusses how ecospace can be shared fairly through the setting of Earth system boundaries and the provision of minimum resource needs for all, andhow this can be achieved through an equitable redistribution of resources, rights, and responsibilities focused on addressing inequality, overconsumption, and harmful accumulation.

  

 

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Einstein’s “Why Socialism?” and ‘Monthly Review’: A Historical Introduction

A Spring 1949 memorandum in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s “Albert Einstein File,” part of the FBI’s Vault of documents released under the Freedom of Information Act, states:

Advised [by an agent in the field that] in April 1949, a circular was distributed in the Nashua, New Hampshire area, announcing a new magazine entitled “Monthly Review,” “an independent Socialist magazine.” The first issue was dated to come out as the May 1949 edition. The first issue would contain articles by Albert Einstein—“Why Socialism[?]”; Paul M. Sweezy—“Recent Development[s] in American capitalism”; Otto Nathan—“Transition to Socialism in Poland”; Leo Huberman—“Socialism and American Labor”…. Re: New York report, dated 3-15-51 Espionage-CH.

The rest of the message is blacked out. Another memorandum that immediately follows in the FBI’s Einstein file, and which is similarly redacted, reads:

Advised the New York Office that the “Monthly Review” 66 Barrow Street, New York City, self-proclaimed “an independent Socialist magazine” made its initial appearance in May of 1949. The first issue contained articles by Albert Einstein and others. This [investigative] report stated further that a study of the articles contained in a background check of the editors and contributors revealed that this magazine was Communist inspired and followed the approved Communist Party line…. New York report, dated1-30-50; Re: Internal Security.

Albert Einstein, the world’s most famous theoretical physicist and its most celebrated scientist, had fled Germany upon Adolf Hitler’s rise, immigrating to the United States in 1933, where he became a citizen in 1940. Yet, for J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI, Einstein remained a dangerous and Un-American figure, threatening the internal security of the United States by his very presence in the country. His publication in 1949 of an article titled “Why Socialism?” for the new periodical Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine was thus viewed by the FBI as a direct confirmation of his strong “Communist sympathies.”

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