The Unbearable Unawareness of our Ecological Existential CrisisOver the past two years, the full report on Climate Change Mitigation by IPCC scientists, as well as research from other centres such as the Stockholm Resilience Centre, has consistently confirmed that we are on a doomsday trajectory. Unless we move rapidly in the opposite direction, the chances that we will face planetary catastrophes that seriously threaten the existence of life on our planet in the next twenty years are realistic and probable. Unsustainable capitalism keeps us deluded and largely unaware that we are on the brink of a serious existential risk. Therefore the great challenge is to provoke the awareness and critical thinking of ordinary citizens. Only a Citixens Revolution can stop our demise, but capitalism’s behemoth keeps people deceitful and mostly unaware of being on the verge of a catastrophic end. We must arouse Now! –– Álvaro J. de Regil Transitioning to Geocratia — the People and Planet and Not the Market Paradigm — First StepsParting from the fact that saving Planet Earth, our home, changes everything, we need to build a new ethos where the majority of humankind commits to a system whose only purpose is the pursuit of the welfare of people and Planet Earth. This requires that all Earth resources necessary for the enjoyment of life of all living things be managed to achieve true long-term sustainability. — Álvaro J. de Regil The Spectre of ‘Knowledge as Commons’Universalising knowledge, producing ‘knowledge as a common good’ is necessary to bridge gaps, build bridges and return power to the ‘people’ in a universal sense. –– Sam Popowich The Case for Socialist VeganismCorporate veganism: a corporate greenwashed market expansion tactic that exacerbates animal suffering, human exploitation and ecological destruction inside and outside the food system. –– Benjamin Selwyn and Charis Davis The Most Dangerous Climate Catastrophe DelusionsEvery year we break emissions and temperature records and are hit by increasingly extreme events. Changing our trajectory of death requires refuting the myths that misinform the public. –– Ornela De Gasperin Quintero Controversial Demographic Projections Under Climate Collapse in 2050 - South and Mesoamerica in a Global ContextThe corporate sector is building another aggressive re-engineering of global agrifood systems in South America and Mesoamerica. The region represents a pillar for global food security, warns the UN in the New Mission. Capitalist euphoria assumes 10 billion inhabitants by 2050. This is forging higher agricultural productivity, innovation, digitalisation and the expansion of standardised agriculture. Thus, they produce and market food destined for populations with some or enough consumption capacity, overconsumption and waste of food with equivalent carbon footprints. –– Nubia Barrera Silva The irrelevance of animalsSo-called "laboratory meat" is simultaneously generating great expectations and concerns. The huge investment and research efforts of economically powerful private initiatives have uncovered an important economic niche waiting to be exploited. The promoters of the market for laboratory meat or meat derived from vegetable products have seen in their ethical and ecological foundations the great lever that will mobilise consumers on a massive scale towards their products. The growth in supply and speculation around these products responds, among other factors, to two very different pressures: on the one hand, the climatic behaviour of meat production. On the other hand, the growing pressure from animal and vegan groups on the living and dying conditions of the animals that are raised for their consumption. –– Pedro M. Herrera Safe and Just Earth System BoundariesHumanity is well into the Anthropocene, the proposed new geological epoch where human pressures have put the Earth system on a trajectory moving rapidly away from the stable Holocene state of the past 12,000 years, which is the only state of the Earth system we have evidence of being able to support the world as we know it. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just Earth System Boundaries (ESB) and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future. — Johan Rockström et al Making Sense of the World: Why Education Is Key to ChangeA precondition to creating a different world is the capacity to imagine it. But many education systems continue to bear the imprint of the industrial, nation-state societies they emerged from. What would be required to empower people to first envision and then build a more sustainable and just society? A conversation with economist Maja Göpel on how education could spark the shift. –– Maja Göpel Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzleThe exponential increase in the use of plastic in modern society and the inadequate management of the resulting waste have led to its accumulation in the marine environment. There is increasing evidence of numerous mechanisms by which marine plastic pollution is causing effects across successive levels of biological organisation. This will unavoidably impact ecological communities and ecosystem functions. –– Patricia Villarrubia-Gómez, Sarah E. Cornell, Joan Fabres The pressing priority of saving the AmazoniaThe world's most biodiverse region is threatened by deforestation levels close to the point of no return. Despite this, the countries involved failed to reach agreements at the last summit in Brazil in August. –– David Roca Basadre Capitalism and Extreme Poverty: A Global Analysis of Real Wages, Human Height, Mortality Since the Long 16th CenturyThis paper assesses claims that, prior to the 19th century, around 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty (defined as the inability to access essential goods), and that global human welfare only began to improve with the rise of capitalism. The rise of capitalism caused a dramatic deterioration of human welfare. In all regions studied here, incorporation into the capitalist world-system was associated with a decline in wages to below subsistence, a deterioration in human stature, and an upturn in premature mortality. –– Dylan Sullivan and Jason Hickel The U.S. Quest for Nuclear Primacy: The Counterforce Doctrine and the Ideology of Moral AsymmetryWhen I come to study in detail some of the arguments of these new military writers about nuclear war, I will necessarily have to adopt many aspects of their own methods and terminology, that is, I will have to meet them on the methodological ground of their own choosing. I want therefore to apologise in advance for the nauseating inhumanity of much of what I have to say. (P. M. S. Blackett) — John Bellamy Foster The New Cold War WashingtonO n April 27, 2023, U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan gave a speech on “Renewing American Economic Leadership” at the Brookings Institution. Sullivan’s talk was unusual and attracted widespread attention for at least three reasons. First, what was being announced was a fundamental shift away from the previous “Washington Consensus” associated with neoliberal globalisation and its replacement by what Sullivan called a “New Washington Consensus” organised around the de facto U.S. New Cold War against China. The purported China threat was used to justify economic sanctions against rival states, and government supply-side subsidies to corporations in a militarised industrial policy. –– The Editors of Monthly Review No sustainable paradigm is attainable without gradual population reductionWe must drastically reduce our consumption of energy and all other resources simply because we cannot have a system that requires infinite resource consumption on a planet with finite resources. However efficient and fair the new paradigm may be, the notion of unlimited billions of people frugally consuming the earth's resources is not sustainable. So people must become conscientious that having fewer or no children is a crucial element in achieving sustainability. –– Álvaro J. de Regil On the United States Policy to destroy the WTO because it could no longer control itThe rapid decline of US power in the 21st century, associated both with the economic stagnation of the core capitalist countries and the rise of China and other emerging economies, is now calling into question the entire rules-based, US-dominated international order. At the heart of the New Cold War is the WTO, often considered the jewel in the crown of the liberal international –– The Editors of Monthly Review The Dialectics of Ecology: An IntroductionAs the ecologist and Marxist theorist Richard Levins observed, ‘perhaps the first investigation of a complex object as a system was Karl Marx's masterpiece, Das Kapital’, which explored both the economic and ecological bases of capitalism as a social-metabolic system. The premise of the dialectics of ecology, as addressed in this article, is that it is above all in classical historical materialist/dialectical naturalism that we find the method and analysis that allows us to connect ‘the history of labour and capitalism’ with that of ‘the Earth and the planet’, enabling us to investigate from a materialist point of view the Anthropocene crisis of our times. Today, the world faces two opposing trends: the acceleration of capital leading to total disaster, and the emerging struggle for planned degrowth and sustainable human development. –– John Bellamy Foster Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly FutureThree questions call for urgent action 1) The planet of the future will be much more dangerous 2) What economic system can support it? 3) Scientists must speak frankly and accurately. We draw particular attention to the lack of appreciation of the enormous challenges of creating a sustainable future. The added stresses on human health, wealth and well-being will perversely diminish our political capacity to mitigate the erosion of the ecosystem services on which society depends. The science behind these problems is sound, but awareness is low. Without full appreciation and dissemination of the magnitude of the problems and the enormity of the solutions needed, society will fail to achieve even modest sustainability –– Corey J. A. Bradshaw et al Two Scenarios for Sustainable Welfare: A Framework for an Eco-Social ContractMore nation states are now committing to zero net carbon by 2050 at the latest, which is encouraging, but none have faced up to the transformation of economies, societies and lives that this will entail. This article considers two scenarios for a fair transition to net zero, concentrating only on climate change, and discusses the implications for contemporary ‘welfare states’. The first is the Green New Deal framework coupled with a ‘social guarantee’. I argue that expanded public provision of essential goods and services would be a necessary component of this strategy. The second scenario goes further to counteract runaway private consumption by building a sufficiency economy with ceilings to income, wealth and consumption. This would require a further extension of state capacities and welfare state interventions. The article provides a framework for comparing and developing these two very different approaches. –– Ian Gough The End of Seasons?Extreme temperatures and events such as Hurricane Daniel tell us we are approaching a point of no return. There is a good chance that in 2023, we will exceed the 1.5°C limit [and we have exceeded it]. –– Juan Bordera and Antonio Turiel Unequal Value Transfer from Mexico to the United StatesUsing a Marxist perspective and the concept of unequal exchange, the enormous drain of wealth that Mexico has experienced as a supplier of manufacturing to the US market is described here. The meagre wages of the working class in Mexico do not correspond to a productive backwardness, but to a vast creation of value that is systematically drained through the mechanisms of unequal exchange that occur in trade. ‘Underdeveloped countries are underdeveloped because they are overexploited, not because they are backward. Here is how they do it. –– Mateo Crossa Niell Filoponìa, from Cuba to the world - without debt: equality and freedomThe earth needs a new Copernican revolution: it must stop revolving around accumulation and embark on a new orbit. The environmental and the social are under ferocious attack by anthropisation, led by financialisation, the current point of the relentless advance of accumulation. The environmental and the social thus show how close and exacerbated the collapse of our world is. In order to be defined as such and to be so in its essence, a new Copernican revolution necessarily entails the identification of a new gravitational centre; in Filoponia this is diffused capital. Thanks to this, Filoponía is an egalitarian society even without being a socialist economy, Filoponía is a society of entrepreneurship even without being a capitalist economy: Filoponía is the society of sustainable humanisation, environmentally and socially. –– Andrea Surbone - Filoponía Ravaging Pan-AmazoniaDeforestation, socio-economic contradictions and eco-environmental conflicts of hegemonic capitalism with global impact. The Pan-Amazon region occupies 4.9% of the world's continental area. It has three shared characteristics: (a) Its boundaries extend to the borders of eight South-Central American countries.1 (b) It has been hijacked by hegemonic agri-food, mining and energy capitalism, transnational drug trafficking crime, chemical precursors, arms, munitions and explosives. (c) It triggers promiscuous relations with Colombian guerrillas, legal armies, paramilitaries, politicians, state agents and corrupt national elites. The corporate enclave subjects migrants, indigenous people and peasants previously expelled from rural territories and properties to the most humiliating slavery regime. Under the slogan ‘Anything goes’, we are ensuring our extermination. –– Nubia Barrera Silva The United States of WarBetween 1980 and 2020, two U.S. wars and sanctions in Iraq and the U.S. war in Afghanistan killed more than two million people. Washington’s proxy wars in Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Syria resulted in roughly nine million deaths. U.S. military interventions, support for client states and rebels, and related famines in Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, and Nigeria cost the lives of another five million people. The U.S. Empire’s role in the collapse of most socialist regimes [including the imposition of economic shock therapy] made it partly responsible for well over seven million deaths. “Imperialism,” Magdoff wrote in 1969, “necessarily involves militarism. Indeed, they are twins that have fed on each other in the past, as they do now.” To combat the spread of militarism and war throughout the globe today, it is necessary to confront the imperialist world system centred in Washington. –– The Editors of Monthly Review Heroes, villains and opportunistsFor the small countries, these meetings are the only voice they have to confront the big global powers face to face and have their opinions taken into account. Saudi Arabia used the unanimity needed at the summits as a weapon to prevent progress in the climate fight. The timid climate breakthroughs make clear how much remains to be done at all levels. Continuing to resist and to weave links in an increasingly hostile world is the way to fight for the planet we want –– Javier Andaluz Prieto Sustainable deathsMaritime transport is responsible for 14% of polluting gases. There is already talk of miracle proposals to make this sector sustainable. –– Gustavo Duch Totality: Decades of Debate and the Return of NatureOn how Marxism is the only intellectual tradition on the scene capable of embracing in an integrated and grounded way the whole of what needs to be comprehended to understand and cope with our world. — Helena Sheehan From Imperialism to Green Imperialism: Tools of World-Systems Analysis in the Face of the Great Ecosocial CrisisHumanity is at the most challenging crossroads in its history. Anthropogenic productive activity, framed within the capitalist mode of production, has caused most planetary boundaries to be exceeded and others to be strained. At the same time, civilisation itself does not lose sight of an increasingly threatening war horizon, in which a nuclear outbreak cannot be entirely ruled out. And against this backdrop, a galloping decline of materials and energy sources is unfolding, putting pressure on every vector of the ecosocial machinery, to the point of casting a shadow over the future accessibility of our societies' livelihoods and their very survival as we know it. –– Alejandro Pedregal and Nemanja Lukić World scientists’ warning: The behavioural crisis driving ecological overshootAnthropogenic ecological overshoot has previously been identified as a root cause of the myriad symptoms we observe today across the planet, from biodiversity loss and ocean acidification to the disturbing rise of new entities and climate change. We aim to highlight the critical disconnect of the current social chasm in communication between those in the know, such as scientists working within the limits of growth, and members of the citizenry, influenced largely by social scientists and industry, who must act. –– Joseph J. Merz et al. Frederick Engels: The First Marxist?While activists reflect on how much we can glean from the first volume of Karl Marx's Capital, just over 150 years after its publication, we should also reflect on how much we owe to Marx's comrade of forty years, Frederick Engels (1820-95). From Engels' respectful attention to Marx's discoveries, no less than from his own extensions of them in tune with new realities, we learn how best to interpret both the evidence and the concepts to guide the shift towards communist ideals that Engels had absorbed before he met Marx in 1844. Moreover, the roles Engels played as an organiser, economist and polemicist in the development of Western workers' movements illuminate how we can best honour his memory and his contributions to Capital. In the words of one biographer, Engels ‘wanted no other monument than the coming socialist revolution’. –– Bruce McFarlane The Case for Universal Basic ServicesThis paper shifts the focus from transfers to public services. It mounts a case for Universal Basic Services (UBS): a proposal to safeguard and develop existing public services and to extend this model of provision into new areas. The first part argues that public services require a distinct conceptual justification and sets this out in terms of shared human needs and a foundational economy. The second part develops the normative arguments for UBS, in terms of efficiency, equality, solidarity and sustainability. The third part considers some of the issues to be faced in delivering UBS and the role of state institutions, with brief service provisions. The final section summarises some developments, including experience of Covid-19, which might enhance the political impetus for UBS. –– Ian Gough Planned Degrowth: Ecosocialism and Sustainable Human DevelopmentThe word degrowth designates a family of political-economic approaches which, in the face of the acceleration of the current planetary ecological crisis, reject exponential and unlimited economic growth as the definition of human progress. With continuous technological development and the improvement of human capabilities, mere replacement investment is capable of promoting constant qualitative advances in production in mature industrial societies, while eliminating exploitative labour conditions and reducing working hours. Degrowth, which is specifically targeted at the most affluent sectors of the world's population, is thus aimed at improving the living conditions of the vast majority, while maintaining environmental conditions of existence and promoting sustainable human development. –– John Bellamy Foster There will be no ecological transition without a social and labour transitionAt present, hardly anyone doubts the need for an ecological transition. Environmental denialism, although it exists, seems to be in retreat in the face of overwhelming evidence of the negative effects of our way of life on nature. The energy model must be changed. But even more urgent is a transformation that addresses the limitation of wealth, consumption and the necessary sharing of labour. –– Vicente López | ||
The Most Dangerous Climate Catastrophe Delusions
Human activities have unequivocally overheated our planet (Lee et al., 2023). According to the sixth and latest report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), without radical changes, the current global trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions will lead to an average global temperature increase of 3.2°C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the 21st century (Lee et al., 2023). If this occurs, the lives of almost half of the human population would be threatened (Lee et al., 2023), as large areas of the planet would become uninhabitable. Even though we have had a solid scientific consensus for decades on the causes and consequences of the climate crisis, the increase in emissions has not been slowed, and in fact they are now 60% higher than in the 1990s (Stoddard et al., 2021). Every year, emissions and temperature records are broken, and increasingly extreme weather events hit us. In order to change the trajectory we are on, it is necessary to debunk several myths that proliferate, which are listed below (IPCC, 2022).
.______________________________________________
Research and analysis to provoke public awareness and critical thinking
We contribute to the liberalisation of the democratic instituions of society, for they have been captured by the owners of the market. They work in tandem with their market agents, who, posing as public servants, are entrenched in the halls of government. The political class has betrayed its public mandate and instead operates to impose a marketocratic state to maximise the shareholder value of the institutional investors of international financial markets. They own the global corporations and think they own the world on behalf of their very private interest.
Our spheres of action: true democracy – true sustainability – living wage – basic income – inequality – ecological footprint – degrowth – global warming –human development – corporate accountability – civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental rights, responsible consumption, sustainable autonomous citizen cells...
Parting from an ethos of true democracy and true sustainability, We, the citizenry, work to advance the paradigm whose only purpose is to go in pursuit of the welfare of People and Planet and NOT the market.
Home |
Just population policies for an overpopulated world
After three decades of neglect, environmentalists are waking back up to the need to limit human numbers. But like Rip Van Winkle, we find that the world changed while we were asleep. There are now billions more people, hundreds of millions of new members in the global middle class, and elevated consumption among the wealthy. Meanwhile the planet has grown warmer, more polluted, tamer and more depauperate. This article specifies what just population policies look like for an overpopulated world: one where most national populations must decrease significantly to create sustainable societies, and where failure to do so threatens environmental disaster for humans and the rest of life on Earth. It argues that governments in both underdeveloped and overdeveloped countries should encourage and enable one-child families and discourage larger ones, striking a proper balance between reproductive rights and reproductive responsibilities.
_________________________________
Ecosocialism and Degrowth
(an interview of John Bellamy Foster)
The Degrowth Approach
Arman Spéth: Degrowth is on the rise. In recent years, several internationally recognised publications have appeared that speak out in favour of the ecosocialist degrowth approach. The journal Monthly Review, of which you are editor, has adopted this approach recently in your “Planned Degrowth: Ecosocialism and Sustainable Human Development.” What are the motives behind this and how do you explain the popularity of left-wing degrowth approaches?
John Bellamy Foster: Although “degrowth” as a term has caught on only recently, the idea is not new. Since at least May 1974, Monthly Review, beginning with Harry Magdoff and Paul M. Sweezy, has explicitly insisted on the reality of the limits of growth, the need to rein in exponential accumulation, and the necessity of establishing a steady-state economy overall (which does not obviate the need for growth in the poorer economies). As Magdoff and Sweezy stated at that time, “instead of a universalpanacea, it turns out that growth is itself a cause of disease.” To“stop growth,” they argued, what was necessary was the“restructuring [of] existing production” through “social planning.” This was associated with a systematic critique of the economic and ecological waste under monopoly capitalism and the squandering of the social surplus.
______________________________________________
The fertility of death
From compost we come, and in compost we shall turn
We call it planet Earth, but it should be called planet Life. This is the thesis of Catalan ecologist Jordi Miralles Ferrer because "the real peculiarity of our planet is not the land, nor the oceans, but this thin layer that covers everything called the biosphere". It is unique in that, so far, no life has been found to exist anywhere else in the universe. Thin because, although we can find a few birds flying ten kilometres above sea level or deep-sea fish at a depth of eight kilometres, the space where life takes place is equivalent, if the planet were the size of an apple, to the skin that covers it.
What if we were to call it planet Death? Again, it would describe a peculiarity of the planet because, until proven otherwise, there is no death anywhere else in the universe. Indeed, without life, there is no death, and vice versa. We call it the biosphere, but we might as well call that thin layer where organic matter dances a dance without choreography the thanatosphere. But the culture of modernity no longer worships life and death as it deserves. On the contrary, by imposing rational thinking, it ends up forgetting the mystery of this infinite cycle.
In any case, it is clear that we die as we live or vice versa, that the same ways of inhabiting the world are found in the ways of abandoning it. While urban macro-cemeteries and their skyscrapers of niches are a clear expression of how most lives materialise on the margins of nature, chain cremation in mortuaries is a faithful reflection of the level of industrialisation and urbanisation we have reached.
As is already happening in other places, and looking for inspiration in past cultures or cultures different from the capitalist Western one, hopefully, we can free ourselves from fears and prejudices to review not only how we face death but also because it has a lot to do with it, how we face life, to propose and demand alternatives of natural funerals such as green cemeteries or humusation to facilitate our metamorphosis. We come from compost and we will turn into compost.
______________________________________________
"The most terrible consequence of monoculture is how it camouflages itself in a false landscape"
The monoculture forestry industry has many harmful consequences for the environment and society. On the one hand, there is the impact on the environment, expressed in problems of water, biodiversity, bee mortality and human illnesses caused by pesticides, as well as a notable increase in the frequency and size of mega wildfires.
In any case, the most terrible consequence of monoculture, I think, is the way it is camouflaged as if it were a landscape. After all, people get used to living surrounded by forests that are not forests. Naturalising that landscape that stretches thousands of kilometres to the south and that, in those rows and rows of identical trees, prevents us from seeing the multiple acts of violence that have made it possible to put them there. And there is an enormous danger of their presence because a spark is enough to set everything on fire.
______________________________________________
Degrowth under discussionin the heart of the beast
An analysis of the main positions and interventions at the recent 'post-growth Woodstock' in the European Parliament
For three days, from 15 to 17 May, the European Parliament hosted a historic event. Some have called it the Woodstock of post-growth. In the Beyond Growth conference series, organised by 18 MEPs of different colours, many of the world's best minds on the issue of degrowth/post-growth debated with some of the continent's leading politicians.
The first plenary was a taste of what was to come, of the fracture that is increasingly opening up between science and politics, a fracture between the irrefutable evidence of scientific urgency and the limits of the Union's realpolitik to achieve transformations that are not patches or, even worse, disguises. If you follow the story of what has happened, you will see that, despite everything and everyone, there is a way out for Europe and the rest of the world.
__________________________________
Imperialist Propaganda and the Ideology of the Western Left Intelligentsia: a: From Anticommunism and Identity Politics to Democratic Illusions and Fascism (an interview...)
Zhao Dingqi: During the Cold War, how did the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) conduct the “Cultural Cold War”? What activities did the CIA’s Congress for Cultural Freedom carry out, and what impact did it have?
Gabriel Rockhill: The CIA undertook, along with other state agencies and the foundations of major capitalist enterprises, a multifaceted cultural cold war aimed at containing—and ultimately rolling back and destroying—communism. This propaganda war was international in scope and had many different aspects, only a few of which I touch on below. It is important to note at the outset, however, that in spite of its extensive reach and the ample resources dedicated to it, manybattles have been lost throughout this war. To take but one recent example that demonstrates how this conflict continues today, Raúl Antonio Capote revealed in his 2015 book that he worked for the CIA for years in its destabilisation campaigns in Cuba targeting intellectuals, writers, artists, and students....
________________________________
The Necessity of System Change: An Ecological and Marxian Synthesis
Over the last few decades, we have witnessed both an intensification and a convergence of a number of crises: from the 2008 global financial crisis to the emergence of new infectious diseases (the SARS outbreak of 2003 and the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, to mention two), to the acceleration of climate change and biodiversity loss, to the persistence of various forms of malnutrition. Such crises have offered the opportunity to reflect on the most important drivers. For example, we know that the encroachment of human activities related to the expansion of farming, logging, and mining into previously remote wild habitats is an important driver for biodiversity loss and the emergence of new infectious diseases, while also accelerating climate change (for example, through deforestation). We know that the continuous extraction and use of fossil fuels in transport and production is the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, we also know thatthe deregulation of the financial markets has encouragedspeculative behaviours, which can wreak havoc on economic and social systems.
In all of these cases, we have heard experts, regulators, and members of civil society calling for radical changes to financial, food, and energy systems. But while such outlooks are important, they remain incomplete, since they tend to focus on the proximate causes while missing the deeper systemic elements. In what follows, we provide a more comprehensive narrative that looks at the systemic cause of the different crises: the accumulation and circulation of capital on an ever-increasing scale.
For a full read of this brief, ~ file.
______________________________________________
The Political Economy of Migration
Patterns of migrations have shifted during the history of capitalism through the changing international divisions of labour. Poverty and the longing for a better life have driven immigration in a polarised world-system. This process has been facilitated by the development of transportation and communication, and hampered by the existence of borders. It has drawn in peasants, skilled and unskilled workers, and a brain drain of educated experts, all with the purpose of optimising capital accumulation. The modern growth of international labour migration coincided with the emergence of neoliberalism in the mid-1970s and the globalisation of production.
As Immanuel Ness writes in his new book, Migration as Economic Imperialism, with the emergence of the United States as the indisputable dominant economic and military world power…capitalist development strategists began to shift their focus to low-wage southern labour, precisely as the northern economies were shifting from manufacturing to service industries. Thus international labour migration expanded dramatically in the 1990s to reduce shortages in the Global North of low-wage workers willing to work in tedious jobs in agriculture, construction, urban services, manufacturing and home care.